Configuration Information
BIND will be configured to run
in a chroot jail as
an unprivileged user (named).
This configuration is more secure in that a DNS compromise can
only affect a few files in the named user's HOME
directory.
Create the unprivileged user and group named:
groupadd -g 20 named &&
useradd -c "BIND Owner" -g named -s /bin/false -u 20 named &&
install -d -m770 -o named -g named /srv/named
Set up some files, directories and devices needed by BIND:
mkdir -p /srv/named &&
cd /srv/named &&
mkdir -p dev etc/namedb/{slave,pz} usr/lib/engines var/run/named &&
mknod /srv/named/dev/null c 1 3 &&
mknod /srv/named/dev/urandom c 1 9 &&
chmod 666 /srv/named/dev/{null,urandom} &&
cp /etc/localtime etc &&
touch /srv/named/managed-keys.bind
The rndc.conf file contains
information for controlling named operations with the
rndc utility.
Generate a key for use in the named.conf and rdnc.conf with the rndc-confgen command:
rndc-confgen -r /dev/urandom -b 512 > /etc/rndc.conf &&
sed '/conf/d;/^#/!d;s:^# ::' /etc/rndc.conf > /srv/named/etc/named.conf
Complete the named.conf file from
which named will
read the location of zone files, root name servers and secure DNS
keys:
cat >> /srv/named/etc/named.conf << "EOF"
options {
directory "/etc/namedb";
pid-file "/var/run/named.pid";
statistics-file "/var/run/named.stats";
};
zone "." {
type hint;
file "root.hints";
};
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "pz/127.0.0";
};
// Bind 9 now logs by default through syslog (except debug).
// These are the default logging rules.
logging {
category default { default_syslog; default_debug; };
category unmatched { null; };
channel default_syslog {
syslog daemon; // send to syslog's daemon
// facility
severity info; // only send priority info
// and higher
};
channel default_debug {
file "named.run"; // write to named.run in
// the working directory
// Note: stderr is used instead
// of "named.run"
// if the server is started
// with the '-f' option.
severity dynamic; // log at the server's
// current debug level
};
channel default_stderr {
stderr; // writes to stderr
severity info; // only send priority info
// and higher
};
channel null {
null; // toss anything sent to
// this channel
};
};
EOF
Create a zone file with the following contents:
cat > /srv/named/etc/namedb/pz/127.0.0 << "EOF"
$TTL 3D
@ IN SOA ns.local.domain. hostmaster.local.domain. (
1 ; Serial
8H ; Refresh
2H ; Retry
4W ; Expire
1D) ; Minimum TTL
NS ns.local.domain.
1 PTR localhost.
EOF
Create the root.hints file with the
following commands:
![[Note]](../images/note.png)
Note
Caution must be used to ensure there are no leading spaces in
this file.
cat > /srv/named/etc/namedb/root.hints << "EOF"
. 6D IN NS A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 6D IN NS B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 6D IN NS C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 6D IN NS D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 6D IN NS E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 6D IN NS F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 6D IN NS G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 6D IN NS H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 6D IN NS I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 6D IN NS J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 6D IN NS K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 6D IN NS L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 6D IN NS M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 198.41.0.4
A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:503:ba3e::2:30
B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 192.228.79.201
B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:500:200::b
C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 192.33.4.12
C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:500:2::c
D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 199.7.91.13
D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:500:2d::d
E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 192.203.230.10
E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:500:a8::e
F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 192.5.5.241
F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:500:2f::f
G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 192.112.36.4
G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:500:12::d0d
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 198.97.190.53
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:500:1::53
I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 192.36.148.17
I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:7fe::53
J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 192.58.128.30
J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:503:c27::2:30
K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 193.0.14.129
K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:7fd::1
L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 199.7.83.42
L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:500:9f::42
M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN A 202.12.27.33
M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6D IN AAAA 2001:dc3::35
EOF
The root.hints file is a list of
root name servers. This file must be updated periodically with
the dig utility. A
current copy of root.hints can be obtained from ftp://rs.internic.net/domain/named.root.
For details, consult the "BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual",
included in every source archive of BIND 9 distributed by ISC, in
HTML and PDF formats, also available at BIND 9
Administrator Reference Manual.
Create or modify resolv.conf to use
the new name server with the following commands:
Note
Replace <yourdomain.com> with
your own valid domain name.
cp /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf.bak &&
cat > /etc/resolv.conf << "EOF"
search <yourdomain.com>
nameserver 127.0.0.1
EOF
Set permissions on the chroot jail with the following
command:
chown -R named:named /srv/named
Testing BIND
Test out the new BIND 9
installation. First query the local host address with
dig:
dig -x 127.0.0.1
Now try an external name lookup, taking note of the speed
difference in repeated lookups due to the caching. Run the
dig command twice
on the same address:
dig www.linuxfromscratch.org &&
dig www.linuxfromscratch.org
You can see almost instantaneous results with the named caching
lookups. Consult the BIND
Administrator Reference Manual located at doc/arm/Bv9ARM.html in the package source tree,
for further configuration options.